1. Abd-alfatah AA, Ishak CY, Ayoub SMH. Antimicrobial activity of four medicinal plants used by Sudanese traditional medicinal plants. Journal of Forest Products Industries. 2013; 2(1): 29-33.
2. Abdalla I. Leaves value of Solanum incanum at Khartoum North-Sudan. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology. 2015; 4(1): 25-28.
3. Abebe H, Gebre T, Haile A. Phytochemical investigation on the roots of Solanum incanum, Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2014; 2(2): 83-93.
4. Abreu Miranda M, Tiossi R, Rodrigues K, et al. In vitro leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of the glycoalkaloids from Solanum incanum (Solanaceae) fruits. Chem Biodivers. 2013; 10(4): 642- 648. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201200063
5. Abubeker H. A Study on ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices in lowlands of Borana pastoral system. [dissertation]. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Addis Ababa. 2003.
6. Ahmad I, Beg A. Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 74 (2):113-123. doi: 10.1016/s03788741(00)00335-4
7. Aklilu E, Zunita Z, Hassan L, Chen HC. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from dogs and cats at University Veterinary Hospital, University Putra Malaysia. Trop Biomed. 2010; 27(3): 483-492.
8. Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance. Cell. 2007; 128: 1037-1050. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.004
9. Anteneh B, Zemede A, Sebsebe D, Negussie F. Medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer valley of Babile wereda, Eastern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2012; 8: 42. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-42
10. Anwar S. Pharmacological investigation of Solanum incanum against P. Falciparum, L. infantum, T. cruzi and T. brucei: A role of antioxidant effect and clinical overview. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2018; 11(2): 653-660. doi: 10.13005/bpj/1418
11. Armand-Lefevre L, Ruimy R, Andremont A. Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human controls, and pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(5): 711-714. doi: 10.3201/eid1105.040866
12. Assefa A, Bihon A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of Escherichia coli in foods of animal origin in Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2018; 4(8): e00716. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00716
13. Assefa A, Urga K, Guta M, et al. Spasmolytic activity of the aqueous root extract of Solanum incanum, Solanaceae. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2006; 5(2): 137-146. doi: 10.4314/ejbs. v5i2.39032
14. Atnafie B, Paulos D, Abera M, et al. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in cattle faeces and contamination of carcass and various contact surfaces in abattoir and butcher shops of Hawassa, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol. 2017; 17(1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s12866- 017-0938-1
15. Auta, R. Nutritional and chemical evaluation of Solanum incanum (Bitter garden egg). International Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health Supplement. 2011; 1: 96-107.
16. Awad AB, Toczek J, Fink CS. Phytosterols decrease prostaglandin release in cultured P388D1/MAB macrophages. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004; 70(6): 511-520. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.11.005
17. Ayana Z, Yohannis M, Abera Z. Food-borne bacterial diseases in Ethiopia. Academic Journal of Nutrition. 2015; 4(1): 62-76. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ajn.2015.4.1.95168
18. Azwanida NN. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med Aromat Plants. 2015; 4(3): 1-6. doi: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
19. Balaji N, Chakravarthi P. Ethnoveterinary Practices in India-A Review. Vet World. 2010; 3(12). doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2010.549-551
20. Banatvala N, Griffin P, Greene K, et al. The United States national prospective haemolytic uremic syndrome study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis. 2001; 183(7): 1063-1070. doi: 10.1086/319269
21. Bazeley K. Investigation of diarrhea in the neonatal calf. Clinical Practice. 2003; 25(3): 152-159. doi: 10.1136/inpract.25.3.152
22. Bekele D, Asfaw Z, Petros B, Tekie H. Ethnobotanical study of plants used for protection against insect bite and for the treatment of livestock health problems in rural areas of Akaki District, Eastern Shewa, Ethiopia. Topclass Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2012; 1(2): 40-52.
23. Bern MJ, Sturbaum CW, Karayalcin SS, Berschneider HM, Wachsman JT, Powell DW. Immune system control of rat and rabbit colonic electrolyte transport. Role of prostaglandins and enteric nervous system. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83(6): 1810-1820. doi: 10.1172/JCI114086
24. Berry P. Floristics and molecular phylogeny of a giant genus– Croton (Euphorbiaceae). 2000.
25. Bobbarala V, Katikala P, Naidu K, Penumajji S. Antifungal activity of selected plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus Niger F2723. Indian Journal of Science Technology. 2009; 2(4): 87-90.doi: 10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i4.15
26. Boberek JM, Stach J, Good L. Genetic evidence for inhibition of bacterial division protein FtsZ by berberine. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e13745. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013745
27. Britto S, Senthilkumar S. Antibacterial activity of Solanum incanum L. leaf extracts. Asian Journal Microbiology Biotechnology Environmental Science. 2001; 3(1): 65-66.
28. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: A review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004; 94: 223-253. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
29. Carlet J, Jarlier V, Harbarth S, Voss A, Goossens H, Pittet D. Ready for a world without antibiotics? The pensieres antibiotic resistance calls to action. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012; 1: 11. doi: 10.1186/2047-2994-1-11
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multistate outbreaks of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26 infections linked to chipotle mexican grill restaurants. 2015. Website. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2015/o26-11-15/index.html. Accessed August 22, 2019.
31. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12: 564-582. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
32. Cox G, Wright GD. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms, origins, challenges and solutions. Int J Med Microbiol. 2013; 303: 287- 292. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.009
33. Cyrus W, Daniel G, Nanyingi M, Njonge F, Mbaria J. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Kenyan medicinal plants. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008; 103(7): 650-652. doi: 10.1590/s007402762008000700004
34. Darnton N, Turner L, Rojevsky S, Berg HC. On torque and tumbling in swimming Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2007; 189(5): 1756-1764. doi: 10.1128/JB.01501-06
35. Dastmalchi S, Ayremlou N. Characterization of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in faeces of healthy and diarrheic calves in Urmia region, Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2012; 4: 63-69
36. Degu A, Engidawork E, Shibeshi W. Evaluation of the antidiarrheal activity of the leaf extract of Croton macrostachyus Hocsht. ex Del.(Euphorbiaceae) in mice model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16(1): 379. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1357-9
37. Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014; 4: 177. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
38. Endalkachew A, Negesse M. In vitro antibacterial activity of Rumex nervosus, Plantago lanceolata, Solanum incanum and Lepidium sativum against selected bacterial pathogens of human and animals. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal. 2016; 20(2): 119-131. doi: 10.4314/evj.v20i2.9
39. Molla AE, Sfaw, ZA, Kelbessa E, Nagappan R. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants in and around Fiche District, Central Ethiopia. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2014; 6(4): 154-167.doi: 10.19026/crjbs.6.5515
40. Eshetu GR, Dejene TA, Telila LB, Bekele DF. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants: Preparation and application methods by traditional healers in selected districts of southern Ethiopia. Vet World. 2015; 8(5): 674 -684. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.674-684
41. Espenhain LE. Epidemiology and Surveillance of Three Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Denmark between 2000-2012. [master’s thesis]. København, Denmark: University of Copenhagen; 2013.
42. Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, et al. Review of Shiga-toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013; 162(2): 190-212. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008
43. Fotadar U, Zaveloff P, Terracio L. Growth of Escherichia coli at elevated temperatures. J Basic Microbiol. 2005; 45(5): 403-404. doi: 10.1002/jobm.200410542
44. Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Antibiotic resistance. J Infect Public Health. 2017; 10(4): 369-378. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007
45. Friese A, Schulz J, Zimmermann K, et al. Occurrence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Turkey and broiler barns and contamination of air and soil surfaces in their vicinity. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013; 79(8): 2759-2766. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03939-12
46. Fullas F. Ethiopian medicinal plants in veterinary healthcare: A mini-review. Ethiopian e-Journal for Research and Innovation Foresight. 2010; 2(1): 48-58.
47. Garcia A, Fox J, Besser T. Zoonotic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: A one health perspective. ILAR J. 2010; 51(3): 221-232. doi: 10.1093/ilar.51.3.221
48. Springer-Verlag US . The Gammaproteobacteria. In: George G, Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, eds. Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd ed. New York, USA: Springer Publisher; 2005: 1108. doi: 10.1007/0-387-29298-5
49. Ghosal M, Mandal P. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of two selected ‘BIHI’fruits used as vegetables in Darjeeling Himalaya. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 4(2): 567-574.
50. Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 124(3): 513-521. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.009
51. Gomes TAT, Elias WP, Scaletsky ICA, et al. Diarrheagenic E. coli. Braz J Microbiol. 2016; 47: 3-30.doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015
52. Grinberg A, Hittman A, Leyland M, Rogers L, Le Quesne B. Epidemiological and molecular evidence of a monophyletic infection with Staphylococcus aureus causing a purulent dermatitis in a dairy farmer and multiple cases of mastitis in his cows. Epidemiol Infect. 2004; 132(3): 507-513. doi: 10.1017/s0950268804002079
53. Habib F, ah Rind R, Bhutto AL, et al. Morphological and cultural characterization of S. aureus isolated from different animal species. J App Environ Biol Sci. 2015; 5(2):15-26.
54. Handa SS, Khanuja SPS, Longo G, Rakesh DD. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. 1st ed. Website https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-10/Extraction_ technologies_for_medicinal_and_aromatic_plants_0.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2019.
55. Harris LG, Foster SJ, Richards RG. An introduction to S. aureus, and techniques for Identifying and quantifying S. Aureus Adhesions in relation to Adhesion to biomass Terials: Review. European Cells and Materials. 2002; 4: 39-60. doi: 10.22203/eCM.v004a04
56. Hashish EA, El Damaty HM, Tartor YH, Abdelaal AM. Epidemiological study of diarrheagenic escherichia coli virulence genes in newborn calves. Pak Vet J. 2016; 36(1): 54-58.
57. Jaeger P, Hepper F. A review of the genus Solanum in Africa. Solanaceae Biology and Systematics. New York, USA: Columbia University Press; 1986; 41-55.
58. Heuer O, Jensen V, Hammerum A. Antimicrobial drug consumption in companion animals. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(2): 344- 345. doi: 10.3201/eid1102.040827
59. Huie CW. A review of modern sample-preparation techniques for the extraction and analysis of medicinal plants. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002; 373(1-2): 23-30. doi: 10.1007/s00216-002-1265-3
60. Huijsdens XW, Van Dijke BJ, Spalburg E, et al. Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006; 5(1): 26. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-5-26
61. Hussein H, Lake S, Ringkob T. Cattle as a reservoir of shigalike toxin-producing Escherichia coli including O157:H7 pre-and post-harvest control measures to assure beef safety. The Professional Animal Scientist. 2001; 17(2): 1-16. doi: 10.15232/S1080- 7446(15)31561-8
62. Indhumathi T, Mohandass S. Efficacy of Ethanolic extract of Solanum incanum fruit extract for its antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Current Microbioliology Applied Science. 2014; 3(6): 939- 949.
63. Jaeger P. Systematic studies in the genus Solanum in Africa. [dissertation]. Birmingham, UK. University of Birmingham. 1985.
64. Jeong KC, Hiki O, Kang MY, Park D, Kaspar CW. Prevalent and persistent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains on farms are selected by bovine passage. Vet Microbiol. 2013; 162(2-4): 912-920. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.034
65. Kabir SML. Effect of probiotics on broiler meat quality. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009; 8(15): 3623-3627.
66. Kapingu MC, Guillaume D, Mbwambo ZH, Moshi MJ, Uliso FC, Mahunnah RL. Diterpenoids from the roots of Croton macrostachys. Phytochemistry. 2000; 54(8): 767-770. doi: 10.1016/s00319422(00)00166-7
67. Käppeli U, Hächler H, Giezendanner N, Beutin L, Stephan R. Human infections with non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Switzerland, 2000-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17(2): 180- 185. doi: 10.3201/eid1702.100909
68. Karmali MA, Gannon V, Sargeant JM. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). Vet Microbiol. 2010; 140(3-4): 360-370. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.011
69. Kaur D, Jaiswal K, Mishra S. Ethnoveterinary Practices in India: A Review. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2015; 2(7): 139-143.
70. Kelly BG, Vespermann A, Bolton DJ. The role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of selected foodborne bacterial pathogens. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009; 47: 951-968. doi: 10.1016/j. fct.2008.02.006
71. Tolossa K, Debela E, Athanasiadou S, Tolera A, Ganga G, Houdijk J. Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013; 9(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/17464269-9-32
72. Khameneh B, Diab R, Ghazvini K, Bazzaz B. Breakthroughs in bacterial resistance mechanisms and the potential ways to combat them. Microb Pathog. 2016; 95: 32-42. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.009
73. Kiranmayi ChB, Krishnaiah N, Mallika EN. Escherichia coli O157:H7-An emerging pathogen in foods of animal origin. Vet World. 2010; 3(8): 382-389. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2010.382-389
74. Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Bono A. Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine: A move towards nature. Biotechnology Molecular Biology. 2007; 1: 97-104.
75. Lai PK, Roy J. Antimicrobial and chemo preventive properties of herbs and species. Curr Med Chem. 2004; 11: 1451-1460. doi: 10.2174/0929867043365107
76. Lee JH. Methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from major food animals and their potential transmission to humans. App Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69(11): 6489-6494. doi: 10.1128/aem.69.11.6489-6494.2003
77. LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001; 67: 3053-3057. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.7.3053-3057.2001
78. Linscott AJ. Food-borne illnesses. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2011; 33(6): 41-45. doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.02.004
79. Liu LF, Liang CH, Shiu LY, Lin WL, Lin CC, Kuo KW. Action of solamargine on human lung cancer cells–enhancement of the susceptibility of cancer cells to TNFs. FEBS Lett. 2004; 577(1-2): 67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.064
80. López-Campos G, Martínez-Suárez J, Aguado-Urda M, LópezAlonso V. Detection, identification, and analysis of foodborne pathogens. In: Microarray Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens. Boston, MA, USA: Springer Publisher. 2012; 13-32. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3250-0_2
81. Maroyi A. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Croton macrostachyus Hochst. Ex Delile: A comprehensive review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017; 1-17.doi: 10.1155/2017/1694671
82. Matu EN. Solanum incanum L. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 2008; 2(1): 525-528.
83. McEvoy JM, Doherty AM, Sheridan JJ, et al. The prevalence and spread of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at a commercial beef abattoir. J Appl Microbiol. 2003; 95(2): 256-266. doi: 10.1046/j.13652672.2003.01981.x
84. Mechesso A, Tadese A, Tesfaye R, Tamiru W, Eguale T. Experimental evaluation of wound healing activity of Croton macrostachyus in rat. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2016; 10(39): 832-838. doi: 10.5897/AJPP2015.4454
85. Merle R, Hajek P, Käsbohrer A, et al. Monitoring of antibiotic consumption in livestock: A German feasibility study. Prev Vet Med. 2012; 104(1-2): 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.013
86. Mwonjoria JK, Ngeranwa JJ, Githinji CG, Kahiga T, Kariuki HN, Waweru FN. Suppression of nociception by S.incanum (Lin.) Diclomethane root extract is associated anti-inflammatory activity. The Journal of Phytopharmacology and Toxicology. 2014 b; 3: 156-162.
87. Mwonjoria JK, Ngeranwa JJ, Kariuki HN, Githinji CG, Sagini MN, Wambugu SN. Ethno medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Sincanum (lin.). International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2014a; 2(2): 17-20.doi: 10.14419/ijpt.v2i2.1454
88. Nagy B, Fekete PZ. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in veterinary medicine. Int J Med Microbiol. 2005; 295: 443-454. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.07.003
89. Nascimento G, Locatelli J, Freitas P, Giuliana L. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2000; 31: 247-256.doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822000000400003
90. Nawaz SK, Riaz S, Hasnain S. Screening for anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacitracin producing bacteria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009; 8(3): 365-368.
91. Nostro A, Germano MP, D’Angelo V, Marino A, Cannatelli MA. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett App Microbiol. 2000; 30(5): 379-385. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00731.x
92. Obey JK, Ngeiywa MM, Kiprono P, et al. Antimalarial activity of Croton macrostachyus stem bark extracts against Plasmodium berghei in Vivo. Journal of Pathogens. 2018; 2016: 5. doi: 10.1155/2018/2393854
93. Okafor F, Sanders O, Wilson T. Epidemiological approaches to food safety. Food Protection Trends. 2011; 31(9): 560-568.
94. Okonko IO, Nkang AO, Fajobi EA, et al. Incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms in some poultry feeds sold in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010; 9(3): 514-532.
95. Oliphant CM, Eroschenko K. Antibiotic resistance, part 2: Gram-negative pathogens. JNP. 2015; 11: 79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.10.008
96. Pandey A, Tripathi S. Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2014; 2(5): 115-119.
97. Papadopoulou A, Green RJ, Frazier RA. Interaction of flavonoids with bovine serum albumin: A fluorescence quenching study. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(1):158-163. doi: 10.1021/jf048693g
98. Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants. Turkey Journal of Bioliology. 2007; 31(1): 53-58.
99. Pavithra PS, Janani VS, Charumathi KH, Indumathy R, Potala S, Verma R. Antibacterial activity of plants used in Indian herbal medicine. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP). 2010; 4(1). doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.62161
100. Pennington H. Escherichia coli O157. Lancet. 2010; 376(9750): 1428-1435. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60963-4
101. Petruzzi L, Corbo M, Sinigaglia M, Bevilacqua A. Microbial spoilage of foods: Fundamentals. In: The Microbiological Quality of Food. Sawston, Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing; 2017: 1-21.
102. Pexara A, Solomakos N, Govaris A. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk and dairy products. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society. 2013; 64(1): 17-34. doi: 10.12681/jhvms.15449
103. Quinn P, Carter M, Markey B, Carter G. Staphylococcus species. In: Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Missouri, USA: Mosby Publications; 2000: 118-126.
104. Rangel JM, Sparling PH, Crowe C, Griffin PM, Swerdlow DL. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, united states, 1982-2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(4): 603-609. doi: 10.3201/eid1104.040739
105. Raskin I, Ribnicky DM, Komarnytsky S, et al. Plants and human health in the twenty-first century. Trends Biotechnol. 2002; 20(12): 522-531. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(02)02080-2
106. Redda YT, Kebede E, Cruz Cruz, Gugsa G, Awol N, Mengeste B. Potential antibacterial activity of crude extracts from aloe vera, zingiber officinale and vinca major medicinal plants. International Journals. 2014; 5(3): 202-207. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijmr.2014.5.3.86177
107. Regassa A. The use of herbal preparations for tick control in western Ethiopia. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2000; 71(4): 240-243. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v71i4.722
108. Salatino A, Salatino M, Negri G. Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species (Euphorbiaceae). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2007; 18(1): 11-33. doi: 10.1590/S0103-50532007000100002
109. Sambo HS, Olatunde A, Kiyawa AS. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral analyses of Solanum incanum fruit. International Journal of Chemical, Material and Environmental Research. 2016; 3(1): 8-13.
110. Scazzocchio F, Comets M, Tomassini L, Palmery M. Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and it’s major isolated alkaloids. Planta Med. 2001; 67: 561-563. doi: 10.1055/s2001-16493
111. Schmelzer G, Gurib-Fakim A, Arroo R, et al. Plant resources of tropical Africa: Medicinal plants 1. PROTA Foundation. 2013; 11(2).
112. Sendeku W, Alefew B, Mengiste D, et al. Antibacterial activity of Croton macrostachyus against some selected pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnology International. 2015; 8(1): 11-20.
113. Stepp JR. The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 92(2-3): 163-166. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.002
114. Sun L, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Li X, Cheng A, Lou H. Solamargine, a steroidal alkaloid glycoside, induces oncosis in human K562 leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma KB cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011; 67(4): 813-821. doi: 10.1007/s00280-010-1387-9
115. Tane P, Tatsimo S, Connolly J. Crotomacrine, a new clerodane diterpene from the fruits of Croton macrostachyus. Tetrahedron Letters. 2004; 45: 6997-6998. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.001
116. Tapsell L, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Patch C, Sullivan D, Fenech M. Health benefits of herbs and species: The past, the present and the future. Med J Aust. 2006; 185: S4-S24.doi: 10.5694/j.13265377.2006.tb00548.x
117. Taye B, Giday M, Animut A, Seid A. Antimicrobial activity of selected plants in traditional treatment of wounds in Ethiopia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedical. 2011; 1: 370-375. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60082-8
118. Teklehaymanot T, Giday M. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by people in Zegie Peninsua, Northwestern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2007; 3:12. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269- 3-12
119. Tenover FC, Biddle JW, Lancaster MV. Increasing resistance to vancomycin and other glycopeptides in Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7(2): 327-332. doi: 10.3201/eid0702.010237
120. Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Infect Control. 2006; 34(5 Suppl 1): S3-S10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.219
121. Tewelde S, Ghebriel O. Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activities of the fruit extract of Solanum incanum grown in Eretria. Ornamental and Medicinal Plants. 2017; 1(1): 15-25.
122. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2011; 1: 98-106.
123. Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015; 28(3): 603-661. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00134-14
124. Van Wyk B, Van Staden J. A review of ethnobotanical research in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany. 2002; 68(1): 1-13. doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30447-1
125. VanBelkum A, Melles DC, Nouwen J, et al. Co-evolutionary aspects of human colonisation and infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol. 2009; 9: 32-47. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.012
126. Verma S, Singh S. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008; 1(11): 347. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2008.347-350
127. Wadood A, Ghufran M, Jamal S, et al. Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants occurring in local area of mardan. Biochem Anal Biochem. 2013; 2: 1-4. doi: 10.4172/2161-1009.1000144
128. Wakjira K. Seed germination physiology and nursery establishment of Croton macrostachyus Hocht. Ex Del. [master’s thesis]. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University; 2007.
129. Wakjira K, Negash L. Germination responses of croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae) to various physico-chemical pre-treatment conditions. South African Journal of Botany. 2013; 87: 76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.012
130. Gossman W, Wasey A, Salen P. Escherichia Coli (E Coli 0157 H7). FL, USA: Stat Pearls Publishing; 2018.
131. Weese JS, Archambault M, Willey BM, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(3): 430-435. doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040481
132. World Health Orginization (WHO). Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. 3rd Revision. Website. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77376/97892415485_ eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed August 22, 2019.
133. World Health Orginization (WHO). Escherichia coli Fact Sheet-2016. Website. http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs125/en. Accessed August 22, 2019.
134. Windeyer MC, Leslie KE, Godden SM, Hodgins DC, Lissemore KD, LeBlanc SJ. Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age. Prev Vet Med. 2014; 113: 231-240. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.019
135. Wu C, Liang C, Shiu L, et al. Solanum incanum extract (SRT100) induces human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma apoptosis through modulating tumor necrosis factor receptor signalling pathway. J Dermatol Sci. 2011; 63(2): 83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.003
136. Xia X, Meng J, McDermott P, et al. Presence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and other potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains in retail meats. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76(6): 1709-1717. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01968-09
137. Yibralign Z. Phytochemical investigation on the stem bark of Croton macrostachyus (Bisana). [master’s thesis]. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University; 2007.
138. Yirga G. Assessment of traditional medicinal plants in Endrta District, South-eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Plant Sci. 2010; 4(7): 255-260.
139. Yu S, Sheu H, Lee C. Solanum incanum extract (SR-T100) induces melanoma cell apoptosis and inhibits established lung metastasis. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(61): 103509-103517. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.21508
140. Yuk HG, Marshall DL. Adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to pH alters membrane lipid composition, verotoxin secretion, and resistance to simulated gastric fluid acid. Appled Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70: 3500-3505. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3500- 3505.2004