Treatment and Control Methods of Bovine Mastitis: A Review

Abstract

The goal of this review is to summarize various approaches to treat and control bovine mastitis. Bovine mastitis, often known as udder
inflammation, has various causes. The primary treatment for mastitis is intramammary infusion. However, antibiotic resistance
mechanisms have emerged, posing a risk to global health today. Given the broad rise of antibiotic resistance, novel drugs to treat
and prevent the disease are urgently required. As a result, novel treatment and control methods arose, including the use of animalderived
compounds, bacteriophage therapy, probiotics, herbal therapy, immunotherapy, nanoparticle-based therapy, and sonic pulse
therapy. Control measures include immunization, hygiene, feeding management, and dry cow therapy. Bee products have recently
replaced animal-derived compounds as a treatment for cattle mastitis. Probiotics, on the other hand, may work by modifying gut
flora, with evidence supporting their direct influence on mastitis in dairy cows. In contrast, a proprietary Acoustic Pulse Therapy
(APT) device was designed specifically for treating dairy cows. However, its usefulness in veterinary medicine is limited. Vaccines
can help prevent mastitis, alleviate clinical symptoms, and accelerate the healing process. Vaccination boosts acquired immunity to
a specific pathogen and has few side effects; nevertheless, because to the wide range of mastitis-causing organisms, particularly
emerging environmental infections, vaccine treatment of mastitis presents significant challenges. A proper milking hygiene program
that meets all of the dairy cow's biological and hygienic requirements has a significant impact on udder health. Vitamins, probiotics,
and other feed additives can help improve udder health, cow immunity, and general body condition. Dry cow therapy is an intramammary
or systemic antibiotic treatment for the udder administered during the dry season. Cows with clinical or subclinical illnesses
should be treated with non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents.