Editor- In-Chief: Nurhusien Yimer, DVM, PhD Title proper: Veterinary Medicine Subject: Medicine ISSN: 2475-1286 Publisher: Openventio Publishers Dates of publication: 2016 Frequency & Medium: Half Yearly , Online Language: English Country: India Indexed by: CROSSREF,ROAD,THE KEEPERS Title DOI of the Journal : http://doi.org/10.17140/issn.2475-1286
Assessment of Hygienic Practice, Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of E. coli from Honey Bees Farms in and Around Haramaya University and Haramaya Woreda, Ethiopia
Aim Ethiopia, a leading honeybee producer, has been impacted by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, leading to colony collapse. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to March 2023 to assess hygienic practices, isolate Escherichia coli from honey bees using feed swabs and hive swabs, analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolated from honey bees, assess the hygienic and management practices of honey bee farms, and identify the major risk factors for E. coli presence in honey bee farms within the study area. Results Out of 225 samples collected, 42 (18.7%) were found to be E. coli, with higher prevalence in Tuji Gabisa (24%) and Damato (21.4%) kebele. The study also found that the highest resistance was found towards Ampicillin (78.6%) and Kanamycin (40.5%), followed by Erythromycin (31%), Tetracycline (30%), and Gentamicin (26.2%). Of the 42 isolates, 92.85% single- to multiple-drug-resistant isolates. Conclusion Beekeepers in the study area provided supplementary feed for honey during scarcity, and the most common locally available feed types were sugar, tea, and bore holly. The study serves as a baseline data for future research, highlighting the importance of addressing E. coli resistance and promoting hygienic practices.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis of Goats in Banadir Region, Somalia
Introduction Mastitis is one of the major diseases that affect dairy goat production. It occurs after several microbes invade and colonize the secretory tissue, leading to inflammation of the mammary glands. While mastitis can be caused by many infectious or non-infectious agents, it is classified as clinical and subclinical. Mastitis is one of the major problems and the top complaint from stakeholders of dairy goats in the Banadir region. Objectives The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of mastitis in goats and to find out the significant risk factors associated with mastitis in goats. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out between January and July 2022. The study population was all the lactating goats and does in the Banadir region. A total of 207 lactating goats were randomly selected from goat farms in some selected districts of the Banadir region and screened for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Results Based on CMT results, an overall subclinical mastitis prevalence of 67.6% was found. According to the risk factors, the study revealed that the lactation period (p=0.002) and body condition (p=0.005) had a significant association with the prevalence of mastitis, whereas the late lactation stage and poor body condition had the highest prevalence (73% and 79%, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant association between mastitis infection and risk factors such as study udder injury (p=0.191), age (p=0.284), hygiene (p=0.319), and parity number (p=0.620). Conclusion The current research has shown that mastitis is extensively common among lactating goats in the area under study, with numerous risk factors identified that make the udder susceptible to infections. Recommendation The study recommends farmers be vigilant and closely monitor their dairy goats for mastitis during the late stage of lactation and in advanced age, immediate treatment of injured udders, and regular screening.
Maggot Debridement Therapy: A Natural Solution for Wound Healing
Maggots are soft-bodied grubs that are the larval stage of many dipterous flies. About half of fly species create maggot-like larvae, whereas others produce more specialized and different larvae. Whereas myiasis is described as the infestation of live vertebrates (people and/or animals) by dipterous larvae, medicinal maggots are sterile fly larvae that are introduced to the wound to effect debridement, disinfection, and, ultimately, wound healing. Maggots are also important in fish and poultry production due to their nutrition and antibacterial activities. Maggot wound therapy is the use of fly larvae, or ‘maggots’, to cure wounds. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a type of therapeutic wound treatment in which sterile or disinfected larvae from specific blowfly species are employed to remove non-vitalized tissue, pus, slough, and metabolic wastes from the wound and facilitate healing. Furthermore, maggots ingest and digest many bacteria suspended in the liquid necrotic tissue, and their enzymatic excretions and secretions contain potent antimicrobials. Maggot meals, on the other hand, are healthier and more nutritious alternatives to fish meals due to their high nutritional value, particularly in protein, fat, and minerals. Insects are natural foods for fowl. So, maggot use is very important in veterinary treatment; however, their uses are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to highlight the significance of maggot use in wound treatment.
Treatment and Control Methods of Bovine Mastitis: A Review
The goal of this review is to summarize various approaches to treat and control bovine mastitis. Bovine mastitis, often known as udder inflammation, has various causes. The primary treatment for mastitis is intramammary infusion. However, antibiotic resistance mechanisms have emerged, posing a risk to global health today. Given the broad rise of antibiotic resistance, novel drugs to treat and prevent the disease are urgently required. As a result, novel treatment and control methods arose, including the use of animalderived compounds, bacteriophage therapy, probiotics, herbal therapy, immunotherapy, nanoparticle-based therapy, and sonic pulse therapy. Control measures include immunization, hygiene, feeding management, and dry cow therapy. Bee products have recently replaced animal-derived compounds as a treatment for cattle mastitis. Probiotics, on the other hand, may work by modifying gut flora, with evidence supporting their direct influence on mastitis in dairy cows. In contrast, a proprietary Acoustic Pulse Therapy (APT) device was designed specifically for treating dairy cows. However, its usefulness in veterinary medicine is limited. Vaccines can help prevent mastitis, alleviate clinical symptoms, and accelerate the healing process. Vaccination boosts acquired immunity to a specific pathogen and has few side effects; nevertheless, because to the wide range of mastitis-causing organisms, particularly emerging environmental infections, vaccine treatment of mastitis presents significant challenges. A proper milking hygiene program that meets all of the dairy cow's biological and hygienic requirements has a significant impact on udder health. Vitamins, probiotics, and other feed additives can help improve udder health, cow immunity, and general body condition. Dry cow therapy is an intramammary or systemic antibiotic treatment for the udder administered during the dry season. Cows with clinical or subclinical illnesses should be treated with non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents.
Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Small Ruminants: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Prevention Strategies
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and animals worldwide with the ability to result in abortion, congenital malformations, neurological disorders, and immunosuppression in the hosts. The objective of this review is to state the potential risk factors among small ruminants and humans and recommend practicable control and prevention strategies. The global and regional distribution and prevalence of the infection vary depending on environmental, climatic, cultural, and behavioral factors. There are many risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii, whose genotypes also vary geographically and may influence the pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of the infection. Eating raw or undercooked meat or shellfish, contact with infected cat feces, and vertical transmission during pregnancy are some of the main transmission routes for Toxoplasma gondii infection. The clinical signs in small ruminants vary depending on the stage of infection, the strain of the parasite, and the immune status of the host. These signs and symptoms can be diagnosed by different methods, such as serological and molecular tests, histopathology, and isolation of the parasite. The treatment options for small ruminants are not very effective, as most drugs can only kill the active forms of the parasite, not the dormant cysts. The prevention is based on reducing the exposure, keeping cats away from farms or vaccinating them, and, if available, vaccinating the small ruminants. The epidemiological situation and trends in small ruminants were not well studied, leading to more significant socio-economic impact and public health implications in developing countries like Ethiopia, where the prevalence of infection is high and the resources for prevention and treatment are limited. Even though it is very vital to have standardized rules and regulations established, there is no specific policy or program for toxoplasmosis control and eradication in Ethiopia. It is indirectly prevented and managed by some of the existing policies and programs for neglected tropical diseases. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in small ruminants.
Prevalence of Major Parasitic Agents Involved in Camel Skin Diseases in Babile District, Eastern Ethiopia
Aim A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 up to April 2018 in Babile district, Eastern Hararghe zone, Oromiya regional state of Ethiopia. Objective To determine the prevalence of major parasitic agents involved in camel skin diseases and their risk factors. Method A cross-sectional study design was implemented to determine the prevalence of major parasitic pathogens, particularly mange mites and ticks affecting camel skin, and associated risk factors. The target animals for the study were dromedary camels reared under pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems in Babile district of Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. The sample size for the study was estimated by taking an expected prevalence of 50%, an accepted error of 5%, and a confidence level of 95%. A chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences in the occurrence of parasites among categorical variables (age, sex, herd size, and season). A p-value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Out of 768 camels examined, 122 (15.9%) and 113 (14.7%) were found to be infested with ticks of various species and Sarcoptes species, respectively. Nine hundred twenty-nine (929) adult tick species, including 329 (35.4%) males and 600 (64.59%) females, were collected from selected camels. The tick species identified in the present study were Rhipicephalus pulchellus (29.7%), Amblyomma gemma (4.84%), Hyalomma dromedarii (13.56%), Boophilus decoloratus (2.58%), Amblyomma variegatum (23.04%), Amblyomma coherence (8.61%), Rhipicephalus evertsievertsi (9.15%), Rhipicephalus pravus (2.37%), Rhipicephalus sanguines (4.2%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (1.08%) and Hyalomma marginatum (0.86%). The mean tick burden observed was 1.2 ticks per camel. Sarcoptes species was the only mite observed during this study. The tick infestation rate varied significantly (p<0.05) between seasons (dry and wet), between sex groups, and between herd sizes of camels. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of tick infestation between the age groups. Mange mite infestation varied significantly between age groups (young and adults). Conclusion Finally, the tick and mange mite infestations were highly prevalent in the indigenous dromedary camels in the Babile district. Therefore, special attention should be given to the programmed tick and mite control campaign in the area.
External Parasites of Fish: A Comprehensive Overview
Fishes are a diverse group of gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals characterized by their limbless bodies. These creatures are susceptible to various diseases, both infectious and non-infectious, which can significantly impact fish populations. One critical factor contributing to reduced fish productivity is parasitic infestation. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the external parasites that affect fish. In aquatic environments, host-parasite interactions are complex, with crustacean parasites often playing a prominent role in fish diseases and the management of captive and cultured fish stocks. Among the most common crustacean parasites of fish, we find copepods, brachiura, and isopods. Copepods, for example, encompass two major crab families: Ergasilidae and Lernaeidae. In contrast, Branchiura (Argulidae) and Isopoda members, both parasitic, generally exhibit larger body sizes than copepods. While these parasites may cause only mild harm to their hosts when present in small quantities, copepods are the most prevalent crustacean parasites in various aquatic habitats, including freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater. In the context of fish health and productivity, prevention often proves more effective than treatment. Implementing strategies such as strict controls when introducing new fish to a newly established tank, robust quarantine procedures, mechanical removal using forceps, freshwater or saltwater dips, and water treatments involving organophosphates can significantly reduce the incidence of external parasite infestations. Therefore, exercising caution when introducing new fish into a population is essential.
Review on Current Diagnostic Methods of Bovine Mastitis
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammalian gland, and it is a commercially significant ailment in the dairy industry worldwide. Based on the source, it can be either contagious or environmental; on the other hand, clinical and subclinical mastitis are based on their severity. The most important step between disease etiology and cure is accurate disease diagnosis. A cost-effective, dependable, and quick diagnostic instrument is essential for udder health management. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review current diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis. The diagnostic methods include clinical diagnosis, microscopically examined specimens, conventional methods, power of hydrogen (pH) tests, microbial culture, molecular methods, and those based on emerging technology. Conventional methods like the strip cup test, California mastitis test, Wisconsin mastitis test, somatic cell count test, and electrical conductivity test are used as screening tests that are not specific to any pathogen. Microbial culture-based methods are the gold standard for identifying mastitis pathogens and are frequently used, but they have some drawbacks. Advanced molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction and its version, loop-mediated amplification, are used for the identification of causative agents at the strain level. Emerging technologies such as infrared thermography and biosensors have the potential to match or surpass the diagnostic methods mentioned above concerning sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and realism. Emerging technologies are growing at a fast pace to diagnose human cases, but applications for the veterinary market, and specifically, for the diagnosis of mastitis, remain limited. Both specializations in training and experience in the interpretation of results are needed for implementing advanced technologies for efficient mastitis diagnosis and improving udder health management. It should be better to adopt and employ advanced diagnostic methods, such as advanced molecular tests and emerging technology.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foreign Body in the Rumen and Reticulum of Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Mogadishu, Somalia
Background The majority of the sheep and goats that live in Somalia are among the continent’s largest animal populations. A significant portion of the Somali population relies on them as a means of sustenance and financial support. A small ruminant after eating foreign materials can have ruminal impaction, a condition in which indigestible foreign bodies accumulate in the rumen of ruminants, leading to ruminal impaction indigestion, recurrent tympany, and many other adverse health effects. Study A cross-sectional method was used to conduct this study. In the data gathering procedure, researchers did a sieve on random selection for the study in order to record the data. The data gathered were specifically tailored to the animal’s sex, age, species, body score, and origin. Foreign bodies were examined in the rumen and reticulum during the post-mortem examination of small ruminants at Kawaanbari slaughterhouse. Objectives The main objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of small ruminants and identify associated risk factors in Kawaanbari Slaughterhouse, Mogadishu, Somalia. Results The study’s results showed that of the 384 small ruminants examined for foreign bodies, 154 (40.1%) were found to have foreign bodies in their rumen or reticulum. Seventeen (4.4%) had foreign bodies located in the reticulum, while 137 (35.7%) animals were found to have foreign bodies present in the rumen of the 104 sheep examined; 52 (13.5%) had foreign bodies; and of the 280 goats examined, 102 (26.6%) tested positive for foreign bodies. It was found that the body condition score had a statistically significant association (p<0.05) with the presence of foreign bodies. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study found that approximately 40.1% of various types of undigested objects were present in the rumen and reticulum of sheep and goats from different areas in the Benadir and Shabelle regions, which were destined for slaughter at the Kawaanbari Abattoir on the outskirts of Mogadishu. The majority of these foreign bodies were found in animals that were in poor physical condition. Recommendation The study recommends that pastoralists and farmers ensure a consistent availability of feed for ruminants throughout all seasons as a preventive measure against the ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies.
Review on Chalkbrood Disease of Honey Bee
Ascosphaera apis is the sole source of the invasive mycosis known as “chalkbrood disease”, which only affects honeybee larvae. Around 5-37% less honey is produced globally as a result of the illness, and 80% of broods perish. Because of the disease’s current severity, more pesticides are used, and colonies are frequently transported over great distances, which may have created new opportunities for Ascosphaera apis infection. There are signs that the incidence of this disease, which is now widespread worldwide, may be increasing. It is also highly unlikely that Ascosphaera apis will ever be completely eradicated due to its widespread distribution throughout the world, the fact that it can persist for more than 15-years in soil near infected apiaries, and the fact that viable spores can be found in stored honey, pollen, pollen capsules and tablets, used hive components, and used beekeeping tools and equipment. Safe control of the disease has been noted to be challenging, despite the fact that management techniques, medications, and the adoption of particular chalkbrood-resistant bees have all been demonstrated to have some benefits thus far. Thus, current research for a better understanding of chalkbrood will focus on genetic engineering for better fungus manipulation, molecular investigation of Ascosphaera apis pathogenesis pathways, and the potential identification of strategies to break the pathway through the identification of responsible genes for its pathogenesis. Some researchers have noted the prevalence of chalkbrood disease and linked chalkbrood diseases to bee colony losses and decreased productivity in affected bee colonies.
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Major Bacterial Pathogens causing Bovine Mastitis on Selected Dairy Farms in and around Harar, Ethiopia
Aim Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is a complex and costly disease in dairy herds. The main aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mastitis and associated risk factors for bacterial pathogens in lactating dairy cows. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out. The study was conducted in Harar town and its district from November 2016 to April 2017. A total of 384 (264 crossbreds and 120 Holstein Frisian) milking cows were tested using the California mastitis test (CMT), direct diagnosis of obverse clinical mastitis, and bacterial culture in Harar City and its district. Results The result of the study indicated the prevalence of mastitis at the cow level was 58.60% (225/384), out of which 10.7% (41/384) and 47.9% (184/384) were clinical and subclinical, respectively. The quarter-level prevalence was 34.1% (513/1536); from this, the clinical and subclinical forms were 8.7% (131/1536) and 25.4% (382/1536), respectively, while 2% (31/1536) had blind teats. From 341 culture-positive samples, the following bacteria were isolated: Out of the total, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (28.5%) was the most prevalent isolate, followed by Streptococcus species (27.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.4%), Escherichia coli species (14.4%), Micrococcus species (5.3%) and Corynebacterium species (2.9%). Age, parity, breed, production, and hygiene were significant associated risk factors, whereas management risk factors such as house types, milking systems, farming systems, and treatment history do not have a significant association with the prevalence of mastitis in the study area at this level of significance. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, a thorough screening of high-producing and aged cows should be needed; optimum space should be required for those cows kept in intensive and closed houses to reduce the risk of contagious mastitis; attention should be paid to the informal use of drugs; and further research should be needed to view other risk factors for mastitis.
Knowledge, Attitude, Hygiene Practices, and Enumeration of Salmonella from Raw Meat at Retailer Shops in Chelenko Town, Eastern Ethiopia
Aim Salmonella has been identified as the primary contributor to foodborne illnesses, posing a significant public health issue due to its high contamination rates. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022 to isolate and determine the burden of Salmonella in goat meat at retail shops and to identify knowledge, attitudes, and hygienic practices in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 224 samples were collected from goat meat, and environmental samples (cutting board, knife, worker’s hand, and hook) were examined for the prevalence of Salmonella using conventional microbiological procedures. All samples underwent serial dilution to determine Salmonella loads in goat meat from the retailer’s houses. Additionally, 33 retail shop workers with different demographics were interviewed regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Salmonellosis. Results The results revealed that out of 224 goat meat and environmental swab samples examined, the prevalence of Salmonella was 26.78%, 31.6%, 19.6%, 22.2% and 15.8% for goat meat swabs, cutting boards, hand swab samples, knife, and hook swab samples, respectively. The total average loads of Salmonella on different samples were found to be 6.88×105 cfu/mL, 6.09×105 cfu/mL, 6.51×105 cfu/mL, 4.59×105 cfu/mL and 3.28×105 cfu/mL for meat swab samples from retailers, hand swab samples, cutting boards, knife swabs, and hook swab samples, respectively. Conclusion The study showed that the hygienic status of retail shops in the study area is poor, and the prevalence and load of Salmonella are high. Based on these results, it is recommended to raise awareness to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in goat meat and decrease bacterial loads. Additionally, the responsible authorities should coordinate with retailers and shops to enforce good hygienic handling practices.
Status and Public Health Significance of Mycobacterium bovis in Ethiopia
Infectious diseases, accounting for 30-50% of the total annual losses, remain a major impediment to Ethiopia’s livestock economy. Cattle, other domesticated animals, and some free-range or captive wildlife species are all susceptible to the infectious disease known as bovine tuberculosis, which is caused by the Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). It is typically distinguished by the development of tubercle-like nodular granulomas. The bovine tuberculosis-diseased animal loses 10-25% of their productive efficiency; direct losses due to the infection become evident by a decrease in 10-18% milk and a 15% reduction in meat production. During the final stages of tuberculosis, severe emaciation and acute respiratory distress might happen. It affects animal production, but it also significantly affects public health. Human infection due to M. bovis is thought to be mainly through the drinking of contaminated or unpasteurized raw milk and undercooked meat. It is estimated that M. bovis causes 10-15% of human cases of tuberculosis in countries. This indicated that tuberculosis in both humans and animals is endemic in Ethiopia. Reporting the status of tuberculosis in animals and humans is so dynamic.
Prevalence of Poultry Coccidiosis and its Associated Risk Factors in and around Haramaya District, Ethiopia
Aim To determine the prevalence of poultry coccidiosis and identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of local and Rhode Island Red, White Leghorns, Koekoek, and bovine brown exotic breeds from November 2017 to April 2018 in and around Haramaya district, Ethiopia. Fecal examination using flotation and McMaster counting techniques were used for qualitative and quantitative studies, respectively. The study also involved a questionnaire survey for the assessment of possible risk factors. Results From 450 chickens examined by floatation method to detect Eimeria oocysts the result revealed 122 (27.1%) of the chickens were found positive for coccidiosis. The prevalence of coccidiosis among different age groups shows (68/214=31.8%), (54/236=22.9%) of young and adults were positive respectively. The prevalence is found statistically significant with p<0.05 (p=0.034, χ2=4.493) between different age groups. Regarding the breed prevalence (61/333=18.3%), (61/117=52.1%) Chefe and Gebsima (barley plumage color); Horro, Jarso, and Keyi (red plumage color); Naked Neck and Netch (white plumage color); Tepi and Tikur (black plumage color). Local and exotic breeds were positive respectively and the difference is statistically significant p<0.05 (p=0.00, χ2=50.109) between breeds. The study indicated also (46/168=27.4%) male and (76/282=27%) female chickens were positive but the difference between sex groups is no statistically significant difference p>0.05. The prevalence of coccidiosis in chickens kept in different management systems showed that (62/305=20.3%), (60/145=41.4%) were positive from extensive and intensive systems respectively. The difference is a statistically significant p<0.05 (p=0.00, χ2=22.040) among managements. From all the infected chickens most of them (96.7%) were lightly infected (<10,000 oocysts). Conclusion Coccidiosis is a major problem in the farm with inadequate hygienic measures and factors such as age, breed, body conditions, and biosecurity which are the most common factors that contribute for the occurrence of coccidiosis. Therefore, appropriate control strategies should be designed considering important risk factors and focus should be given to biosecurity practices in the prevention and control of coccidiosis, and in addition, further studies are needed to be conducted to identify the prevalent Eimeria species for strategic control.
The Impact of Carrying Heavy Loads on the Donkeys Health in Benadir Region Somalia
Background The number of donkeys worldwide has increased from 37 million in 1961 to an estimated 44 million. However, they are not distributed evenly; the bulk of them reside in semi-arid and hilly areas. Most donkeys kept around the world are only utilized for work or transportation. Study A descriptive design was used to perform the study. This method was employed by the researcher to describe and examine the effects of carrying big loads on the health of donkeys in the Mogadishu, Somalia, Deynile neighborhood. Objectives The major goal of this study was to determine how large loads of donkeys affected their health in the Benadir region of Somalia. Results The study’s results showed that 160 (80%) of the respondents let the donkeys rest when they were ill, while 40 (20%) of the respondents did not let the majority of the respondents rest. According to the results of the current survey, 188 respondents (94%) believe that a donkey may experience pain, whereas 12 respondents (6%) disagree. This study found that the majority of donkeys do not have shelter at night, with 38 (19%) of respondents stating as much. These results also showed that the owners observed 146 (73%) lesions involving hair loss and 54 (27%) lesions involving minor abrasions in their heavily laden donkeys. The results of the current study also suggest that using donkeys to haul high loads is bad for their health. Out of 158 owners 80% strongly disagreed and out of 12 owners 6% strongly agreed and out of 6 owners 3% agreed. Conclusion According to the current study, donkeys who pull carts in and around the Banadir region of Somalia experience health problems as a result of carrying heavy loads. Health and welfare are complicated issues that we are addressing. The main causes of health and welfare problems included poorly made wooden carts, a lack of standards for harnessing equipment, an unapproved policy regarding working animals, a lack of knowledge regarding animal welfare, relying on cart work as a primary source of income, overloading, overworking, and work types. Recommendation The findings of this study strongly advise the Ministry of Livestock to create laws and rules governing donkey maintenance, health, and load-carrying capacity.
Evaluating the Effect of Delthamethrine on the Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Two Districts of Buno Bedelle Zone, Ethiopia
Introduction Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference. Results Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean. Conclusion In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV, which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.
Review of the Zoonotic Importance of Salmonellosis and Associated Risk Factors
Salmonella is one of the most common and significant human and animal food-borne pathogens that cause salmonellosis, which has high medical and monetary costs. Salmonella has a big impact on public health because it can spread zoonotic and foodbornediseases to people. Many domestic and wild animals intestinal tracts serve as the main reservoir for Salmonella, which can result in the direct or indirect contamination of a variety of foods with fecal organisms. Salmonellae are etiological agents of diarrheal and systemic infections. They can be shed in large numbers on the faces of clinical cases and carrier animals, causing contamination of the environment and frequently resulting in subclinical infections. Infection in food animals often leads to contamination of meat, eggs, milk and cheese. The organism can also spread through direct contact with infected humans, animals, or feces contaminated environments. Infected food handlers may also act as a source of contamination for foodstuffs, because of the increasing antibiotic resistance of organisms and companion animals, animals are an important source of Salmonella infection for humans. Salmonella can colonize its hosts by invading, adhering, and bypassing the host’s intestinal defense mechanisms, such as gastric acid, thanks to a variety of virulence markers and determinants, including flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and secretion systems. Diagnosis is based on the isolation of the organism either from tissues collected aseptically at necropsy or from faces, rectal swabs or environmental samples, food products, and feedstuffs; prior or current infection of animals by some agents may also be diagnosed serologically.
Study on the Availability and Rational Use of Veterinary Drugs in Veterinary Clinics of Haramaya and Dire Dawa Districts, Eastern Ethiopia
Aim The study was conducted between December 2021-June 2022 with an objective to assess the current status of veterinary drugs used in veterinary clinics of Dire Dawa and Haramaya districts using a questionnaire, personal interviews, and observations of public veterinary clinics. Method A total number of 40 public veterinary clinics were selected, purposively selected, and included in the study, and veterinary professionals working in each veterinary clinic were conveniently selected by using a non-probability method. The assessment methods such as descriptive drug use indicators, prescribing practices and other drug information sources and drugs of choice at health facilities were included. Results The results obtained were as; a majority of the clinicians (57.5%) were Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc) and above. Nearly half (42.5%) of clinicians used only a verbal prescription for prescribing drugs. Oxytetracycline was available in all clinics and 32(80%) responded as it is their first drug of choice for treatment. Only 50% of the clinicians responded as they administer drugs and treat animals presented to their clinic for a definitive (laboratory investigation) diagnosis. The majority (80%) of respondents use antibacterials for prophylaxis. Major factors considered in drug selection by 92.5% of professionals amongst alternative drugs were its availability. About 98% of respondents use promotion materials or leaflets of different drugs as a source of information. Conclusion The study showed that the trend of using prescription papers for prescribing drugs was not enough and prescription papers did not include the relevant information that should be incorporated in drug ordering and dispensing drug prescriptions by and large based on tentative diagnosis and inappropriate drug selection were found to be bottlenecks for the successful drug treatment that leads to drug resistance. Therefore, awareness and training should be provided regularly for prescribers and end users about the proper way of drug use.
En Bloc Excisions of Chronic Abscesses in Bull: A Case Report
Introduction An abscess is the most common swelling observed on the skin surface of the animal body with a collection of pus due to microbial invasion of the dermis and its supporting structures. Case Description In the present case, nine-years old male Zebu cattle were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with a history of swelling on the cheek. Clinical findings of the mass revealed that there was well-circumscribed, firm, movable cold, and not painful superficial skin swelling on the body of the mandible and check. Culturing on blood agar and gram staining was conducted and then, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the sample. Following clinical and laboratory finding the case was diagnosed as caseous lymphadenitis and En bloc excision of the case was performed under local infiltration of anesthesia. Conclusion The suture was removed after 15-days post-intervention and the bull was successfully recovered without any other complications. Therefore, management of well-circumscribed, firm, and movable superficial skin abscess in cattle through en bloc excision along with antibacterial therapy and allowing the skin wound to heal by the first intention should be effective.
Surgical Management of Dystocia in Local Breed Sheep: A Case Series
Dystocia means difficulty in parturition to the point of needing human intervention and it is a major cause of lamb loss in the flock and may result in great economic loss to the farmers. Two local breed adult ewes of different age and causes of dystocia were presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with the history of full-term gestation and three-month gestation in case 1 and 2, respectively. Clinical and physical examination finding revealed that there were weak and unable to stand, and straining in case 1 and anorexia, lethargy, recumbent with attempt to stand, abdominal distension and granting sound in case 2. Live fetus in case 1 and died fetus in case 2 was dictated up on abdominal palpation and ultrasonography findings. Vaginal examination also has undergone and revealed that incomplete dilation of cervix in case 1. Depending on diagnostic finding caesarian section were admitted and a single live fetus and a twin died fetuses were removed from case 1 and 2, respectively under line infiltration anaesthesia in case 1 and inverted “L” blocks in case 2. Following the successful caesarian section the dam of case 1 was died after 18-hours of post-surgery but the dam of case 2 was recovered uneventfully without any complications in period of 15 post-operative days.
Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors for Infectious Bursal Disease in Local Chicken on Backyard Production System in Selected Districts of Ilubabor Zone, South Western Ethiopia
Introduction Gumboro is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive viral disease of young chickens less than 17-weeks. However, in local chicken flocks of Ilubabor, there is no known sero-status of the disease. Methods To address this information gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted in local backyard chicken flocks of three districts of Ilubabor Zone where chick mortality and morbidity were a big problem. The objectives of the study were to estimate the seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and to assess its risk factors. Result Out of 418 serum samples tested, 180 were positive and the overall chicken level seroprevalence of the IBDV antibody in the study area was found to be 43.10% (95% CI: 38.40-47.85) and flock-level seroprevalence was 45.63% (73/160) (95%CI: 37.91- 53.34) with almost all test positive flock chickens were seropositive. Multivariable analysis at chicken level showed that the odds of IBDV seroprevalence was significantly high in Metu and Bilo Nopa districts, in purchased, in female and adult chickens. Also, it was high at flock level in chickens mixed with exotic breeds, in flocks having greater than 5 chickens. Conclusion This study shows that IBDV is circulating in the chicken population of Ilubabor at a high prevalence level. Therefore, further studies on serotypes and strains of IBDV identification should be carried out to design suitable control and prevention measures.
Effect of Breed and Risk Factors Affecting Conception Rate to Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows of Tullo District Western Haraghe, Ethiopia
Aim This study was conducted using the questionnaire method to assess the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate on artificial insemination in dairy cows in Tullo district, Western Haraghe, Ethiopia. Methods A follow-up study design was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 to determine the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate to artificial insemination in dairy cows, taking breed, age, parity, body condition and timing of insemination as risk factors. The demographic factors were recorded by interviewing the owners. Most of the cows were examined for pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation of the genital tract at 60-80-days post-artificial insemination. Results Out of 114 artificially inseminated cows/heifers, 59 became pregnant, giving an overall first service conception rate of 51.8%. Although the breed, age, parity and body condition score did not affect the conception rate significantly, the pregnancy rate was better in the cross-breed (62.5%), in cows of 5-7-years of age (54.6%), in cows of parity 2-3 (59.2%) and in cows of good body condition score (57.7%). The conception rate in cows inseminated at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus was significantly higher (62.3%) than those inseminated after 18-hours (31.2%) and before 12-hours (52.4%) after the onset of estrus. Therefore, cows with good body condition score (BCS) and artificial insemination (AI) service at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus are the best choice of selection for obtaining the best result in the first service conception rate to AI in dairy cows/heifers. Conclusion This study reveals that the conception rate was influenced by the time of AI, so awareness should be given to cattle owners, as they should give AI for their cattle at optimum time within 12-18-hours after onset of heat sign.
A Case Report on Surgical Management of Dystocia in Heifers Due to Narrow Pelvis and Immaturity
Narrow pelvis is characterized as an insufficient maternal bony pelvis that does not allow for fetal transit due to a variety of factors. Animal immaturity is one of these reasons. This communication was written with the goal of documenting surgical management of dystocia and its impact on a two-year-old heifer who was with a full-term pregnancy. A vaginal delivery was tried but failed due to the narrow maternal pelvis. To avoid any post-operative problems, the surgical management was carried out under strict aseptically. A volume of 30 ml 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride was infiltrated on left flank with inverted L-block techniques. While the cow was on her right lateral recumbency. The uterus was emptied of a deceased fetus but fetal membrane with the intact umbilical cord was returned back to the womb. Suturing was done using standard surgical procedures, and post-surgical care was followed-up for ten-days. The heifer was successfully rehabilitated.
Review of Diagnostic and Vaccination Approaches of Infectious Bursal Disease of Poultry
Infectious bursal disease, also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of poultry characterised by the destruction of lymphoid cells. Diagnosis of infectious bursal disease involves consideration of the flocks’ history, clinical signs, and lesions. The objectives of this paper are to highlight various commonly used diagnostic methods for infectious bursal disease and to review advances made in diagnostic methods and vaccination strategies for infectious bursal disease, with special emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of each of those techniques. Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus followed by its serological assay and histopathological examination of the bursa is regarded as the gold standard method of infectious bursal disease diagnosis. Serological tests such as agar gel, immune diffusion, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, and viral neutralisation tests are commonly used laboratory assays in diagnosing infectious bursal disease viruses. Recently, the most accurate and relatively fast diagnostic method, the molecular technique, is widely used. The molecular diagnostic technique is the simplest and most sensitive of the diagnostic techniques reviewed. The virus causes immunosuppression, so the infected chicken recovers from the acute disease but becomes more susceptible to infections by other pathogens. Therefore, prevention is important and vaccination has become the principal control measure of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens. Conventional attenuated live and killed vaccines are the most commonly used vaccines. With the advancement of knowledge and technology, new generation or genetically-engineered vaccines like deoxyribonucleic acid and subunit vaccines have been used. Various vaccination strategies, such as in ovo, at hatch, and post hatch vaccination, are used. Hatchery vaccination is becoming a common practice. Based on this review paper, more affordable and effective infectious bursal disease vaccines that are affordable and readily available must be identified with further cost-benefit analysis.
Prevalence and Public Health importance of Bovine Cysticercosis in Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern
Aim This study was conducted by using the protocols of post-mortem examinations of meat (visual inspection) to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the cattle slaughtered at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia and to determine zoonotic significance of taeniasis. Method A cross-section study design was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021, based on routine meat inspection on simple randomly selected cattle slaughtered at the abattoir. Visual inspection of all exposed surface was made in all active organs. They are shoulder muscles, hearts, masseters (cheek muscle), diaphragms, tongues and livers. This is followed by incision of all those organs to be examined for Cysticercus bovis cysts. Results Twenty-one (21) of the 384 cattle examined utilizing the post-mortem examinations meat inspection methodology were positive for C. bovis, resulting in a prevalence of 5.5 %. The masseter muscle (11.5 %) had the highest prevalence of cysts, followed by the triceps (8.3%), heart (5.8%), liver (4.8 %), and tongue (2.9 %). The sex-based prevalence rates were 10 (3.4%) and 11 (12.1%), respectively. The predominance of bodily condition was found to be good (1.3%), medium (11.1%), and bad (50 %). The prevalence male and female e differed substantially by organ, sex, and bodily condition (p>0.05), but not statistically significant by age of the animals (young 2.8% vs. adult 6.1%) (p>0.05). Eight (20%) of the total 40 interviewees had contracted Taenia saginata infection at least once in their lives. Religion showed a significant difference (p>0.05) (Christian 66.7% and Muslim 6.5%). However, there was no statistically significant difference in meat consumption habits (raw 31.6% vs. cooked 9.5%), sex (male 26.5% vs. female 11.8%), age (young 33.3% vs. adult 17.7%), educational status (illiterate 22.2% vs. elementary 14.3% vs. high school 27.3% vs. college 16.7%) or latrine use (proper users 19.4% and non-proper users 25%). Conclusion This study to increasing public awareness of the disease, as well as strict routine meat inspections, should be prioritized in order to decrease the parasite's impact.
Colotomy to Resolve Constipation Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report
Urinary and bowel dysfunction is a condition that encompasses loss of bladder and bowel control which is characterized by partial or complete loss of defecation and urination. Urinary and bowel dysfunction is multifactorial and mainly caused by spinal cord injury at the lumbosacral level or more cranial. The present case report was aimed to show techniques and outcomes of colotomy to resolve constipation secondary to bowel dysfunction in a cat. A 1-year-old female cat weighing 1.3 kg was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of anorexia dullness, abdominal distension, and absence of defecation for the last 8-days. Clinical examination revealed stunted growth, poor body condition, very weak anal and pedal reflex, distended abdomen, dehydration, and lateral recumbency. Based on the history and clinical findings the case was diagnosed as constipation and exploratory laparotomy was indicated after sufficient stabilization. The caudal ventral midline was used to perform colotomy to remove accumulated feces. Post-operatively fluid therapy, antibiotics, laxative, and vitamins were administered accordingly. Upon 52-days follow-up; the patient was able to pass her feces completely, while urine retention and incontinence remains unresolved. Therefore, the owner was advised how to apply gentle external compression of the bladder to assist urination.
Review on Leptospirosis and its Public Health Significance
Leptospirosis is the most widespread and most prevalent zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria this is pathogenic Gramnegative bacteria, the disease leptospirosis a zoonotic disease of global importance. It caused by various serovars of leptospira interrogans that belong to the genus Leptospira. Besides leptospira interrogans is the most serovars like the disease occurs in nearly all mammalian species. The highest burden in low-income both found in urban and in rural environments. Rodents are known as the main reservoir animals, However, all animals are reservoir include human so leptospirosis is more common in the tropical regions rather than subtropics because of the longer survival of the organism in the environment and frequent exposure of animals and humans to contaminated environments. Direct transmission to humans by broken skin and mucous membranes exposed to the urine of infected animals. While the clinical signs of leptospirosis do not vary greatly with the species of animals include laboratory tests. Control and prevention is sanitary measures, vaccination, quarantine and rodent control are the most important control measures of the disease, require elimination of the carrier state, maintenance of environmental condition and immunization of the animal, tropical areas where warm humid conditions and alkaline or neutral soil helps leptospira survive better.
Study on the Prevalence and Estimation of Monetary Loss of Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Bedeno Municipal Abattoir, East Hararghe, Ethiopia
Aim This study was conducted by using the protocols of standard meat inspection (visual, palpation and incision) to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors and to estimate the economic loss in cattle slaughtered at Bedeno Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. Method A cross-section study design was conducted from February 2020 to November 2020, to determine the prevalence and its associated risk factors of bovine hydatidosis is taking animal origin, sex and age and body condition as risk factors. Results From A total of 355 cattle examined using the protocol of standard meat inspection, 99(27.8%) of them are found positive to hydatid cysts. The prevalence of cattle hydatidosis based on animal origin was highest in older cattle 89(29.47%) than young 10(18.89%). Regarding body condition, score to significance variation was observed, as the prevalence was 41.89% for poor cattle followed by medium 24.07% and good 24.37%. Of the total 99 infected, 41(11.55%) of animals were infected in their lungs with only hydatid cysts and 24(6.76%) were infected in their liver, but the rest animals had multiple organ infections, 34(9.58%). Considering the current result, the total annual economic loss from organ condemnation and carcass weight loss due to bovine hydatidosis at Bedeno Municipal Abattoir was estimated at 6,671,803.8 Ethiopian birr (ETB). Conclusion This study reveals that cattle hydatidosis was a high prevalence diseases in the study area and needs paucity of information on control and prevention. The cattle owners to be educated and awareness programmes to be conducted about the diseases.
Coprological Prevalence and Associated Risk Factor of Bovine Fasciolosis Around Furda Veterinary Clinic, East Hararghe, Ethiopia
Aim This study was conducted using the sedimentation method to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine fasciolosis around Furda Veterinary Clinic, East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 2020 up to June 2021 to know the prevalence and its associated risk factors of bovine Fasciolosis, taking animal origin, sex, age and body condition as risk factors and standard deviation. The sedimentation technique was used for the recovery of fasciola eggs from fresh fecal. Results From a total of 384 animals selected randomly and coprologically examined, 117 of them contained fasciola eggs with a 30.5% total prevalence in the study area. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis on the basis of animal origin was highest in Gorowodo 23 (28.7%), followed by Dada 24 (30.4%), Harawa 15 (20.5), Rasa Janata 25 (33.8%), and Tirtiro 30 (38.5%). Based on the sexes of animals, the prevalence rate of 74 (32.7%) in females and 43 (27.2%) in males were obtained. While animals of different ages were recorded at 43 (29.9%) and 74 (30.8%), respectively. Whereas 44 (33.6%), 45 (28.8%), and 28 (28.9%) were found to be in poor, moderate, and good physical condition, respectively. All of the risk factors investigated (animal origin, sex, age, and body conditions) were found to be non-significantly associated with the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (p>0.05). Conclusion This study reveals that bovine fasciolosis was a highly prevalent disease in the study area and needs immediate control and prevention by the animal health office and veterinarians working together, treating cattle with anthelmintics before and after the rainy season, and increasing owner awareness about the disease.
Host Related Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Vector Density in Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia
Background Trypanosomosis is disease caused by unicellular parasites, trypanosome, found blood and other tissue of vertebrates; including livestock, wild life and people. It is a serious disease in domestic livestock causing a significant negative impact on food production and economic growth in many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Its epidemiology and impact on livestock production are largely determined by the prevalence and distribution of the disease and its vectors in the affected area. Aim To assess the host related risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in four peasant associations of the study area. In relation to the host risk factors, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was highest in those animals with poor body condition. Results The overall 5.32% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded from 432 blood sample collected from randomly selected animals using Buffy coat method. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species 14 (60.87%). However, it was not statistically significant between sex of animals (p>0.05). The mean packed cell volume (PCV) value of the infected animals was lower (20.65%±2.85) compared to non-infected animals (25.74%±4.80). There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV values of infected and non-infected animals. Moreover, animals with different body condition exhibited statistically significant variation (p<0.05) in the prevalence of trypanosomosis. Overall an apparent density of the flies was 2.42 f/t/d by using mono-pyramidal and biconical traps. It indicated that, G. morsitance submorsitance, G. pallidipes and G. tachinoides were tsetse flies species caught. Conclusion Finally, this work showed that trypanosomosis is an important disease affecting the health and productivity of cattle in the district. Hence, due attention should be given to this sector so as to improve livestock production and agricultural development in the area.