Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences

Open journal

ISSN 2377-8350

Dietary Habits of Adults Hypertensive Patients Admitted in Cardiology of Deido District Hospital, Cameroon

Nyangono Biyegue Christine Fernande*, Mintom Medjo Pierre, Nnang Ebanda Veronique and Ngondi Judith Laure

Received: October 13th, 2018; Revised: November 27th, 2018; Accepted: December 13th, 2018; Published: January 8th, 2019

INTRODUCTION

Overweight and obesity because of their strong prevalence and their implications as major risk factors of chronic diseases related to nutrition, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension are today the most significant threats of public health on a worldwide scale.1 Indeed, many developing countries have experienced a very significant increase in the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension.1 In 2005, 58 million deaths occurred worldwide; over 35 million deaths were attributed to the chronic diseases.2 According to world health organization (WHO),3 hypertension comes in second position, after smoking but before alcoholism, on the list of the factors decreasing the number of years of life in good health. Moreover, high blood pressure increases morbidity and cardiovascular mortality.1 The recent data of the WHO indicate that nearly a billion people in the world suffer from hypertension. Because of the aging of the population, the forecasts suggest that this number could increase to 1.5 billion in 2025. According to the Cameroon Heart Foundation, the statistics relating to arterial hypertension are worrisome. This arterial hypertension causes 17.3 million deaths in the world. Among those, 80% occur in the countries with average or weak incomes. Africa in general and Cameroon in particular are not saved by high prevalence of hypertension because epidemiologic studies reveal the strong prevalence of obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.4 In Cameroon, 35% of the adult population suffers from arterial hypertension; 17,000 people there die each year.5 In Cameroon, the situation of people suffering high blood pressure is alarming; besides, it worth noting that the nutritional management is neglected even non-existent in hospitals. Nowadays, in spite of the free screening and public awareness campaigns, more and more of people die of this pathology either by negligence or by ignorance, or even for lack of nutritional follow-up.

The aim of this study is to assess the dietary habits of patients suffering from hypertension in Cameroon.

METHODOLOGY

This cross-sectional and descriptive survey was conducted in Douala (economic town of Cameroon) particularly in Deido District Hospital.

The survey covered a sample of 206 Cameroonian hypertensive patients. The study proceeded between August 2015 and February 2016.

Hypertension was defined based on the 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ ACC) guidelines (observed systolic BP (SBP)≥130mmHg, or diastolic BP (DBP)≥80mmHg).6 Pregnant women, breastfeeding women and normotensive patients (SBP<130 mmHg and DBP<80 mmHg) were excluded. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurement were taken before the administration of the Food Frequency Questionnaire.

Anthropometric Measurements

Body weight was measured to the nearest 100 g, with participants in light clothing and without shoes, using an electronic scale of 150 kg capacity (TANITA BC 543). Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using a portable locally built stadiometer, with the participants standing upright on a flat surface without shoes, with the back of their heels and the occiput against the stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters). Nutritional status was defined as follows7 : underweight: BMI equal to 18.5 kg/m2; normal weight: BMI ranged to 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2; overweight: BMI range to 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2; obese: BMI≥30.0 kg/m2.

Blood Pressure Measurement

Blood pressure was measured using electronic radial tensiometer (OMRON M3 Comfort). Blood pressure was measured by the first author with a calibrated tensiometer on the right arm of seated participants after a minimum of 10 min rest. Systolic and diastolic pressures were measured twice with an interval of 10 min between the first and the second measurement. The mean of the two readings was used in the analyses. Hypertension for individuals without a prior diagnosis was defined as systolic blood pressure SBP≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure DBP≥90 mmHg.8

Age
Age is a cardiovascular risk factor independently of other factors.9 In this study, age was represented in sections of 24-30-years, 31-40-years, 41-50-years, 61-70-years, 61-70-years and 71-80-years, 81-90-years.

Measurement of Eating Habits and Food Consumption Score

Measurement of eating habits: The eating habits of the participants were explored using a pretested food frequency questionnaire validated by the laboratory of nutrition and nutritional biochemistry (University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon). This questionnaire included 09 groups of foods in which frequency was characterized as: at least once a week, 1-3 times a week, more than 4 times a week. For each participant, we documented during seven days period the frequency of “Western” food, “traditional” food consumption; consumption of fat and sugar.

Food consumption score (FCS): Food consumption score represents the quality of diet. It is used as an indicator of access to the feeding.10 It is based on a 7-days recall on the food types/groups (diversity) and the food frequency of consumption. To measure this score, 09 groups of food were aggregated into 08 groups of food necessary to build a food consumption score. Each group of food was affected by a weighting, thus the score obtained was the product of the weighting and the number of days of consumption during the last 7-days. The resulting food consumption score was calculated as the sum of the scores representing the number of groups of consumed food. The higher the score, the more the feeding was regarded as adequate.

Thus, FCS<21: Poor (inadequate quantity and quality of diet) 21.5<FCS<35: Limit (inadequate quality and adequate quantity
of diet) FCS>35: Acceptable (adequate diet).

Measurement of Food Mineral Content

Four minerals implied in hypertension were chosen: potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. It was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire instrument, and the most food consumed by hypertensive patients was selected. The mineral composition of these foods was evaluated using the dietary composition tables. The presence of one group of mineral was noted « 1 » and his lack noted « 0 ». We considered that consumption of food rich in one of the selected micronutrients is regular when the patients consumed higher than 4 foods rich in one of selected mineral.

Statistical Analysis

Software SPSS (Statistical Social Package for Sciences) version 11.5 for Windows was used to carry out the statistical analyses. The descriptive statistics made it possible to calculate the frequencies. The tables and the histograms were obtained using Excel.

Ethical Approval
One month preceding the survey, the communities and their leaders were informed by the study investigators about the goals, the importance and the benefits of the study. Participation in the study was voluntary. All the participants gave their free and informed consent to participate in the study. This study was approved by the administration and ethical committee of this hospital (Registry number N°960/AV/MINSANTE/DRSPL/SSDD/HDD).

RESULTS

In this study, 30.1% of patients are in the age between 41-50 years, 62.6% were women. Based on ACC/AHA guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension (130/80 mmHg) was 77.09%. The hypertensive population included 67 males and 107 females. It is constituted by 38.3% of obese and 30.3% of overweight persons. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 97.4% and diastolic hypertension was 78%.

The results of t-test of Student showed a significant difference in height and BMI between female and male of hypertensive population (Table 1).

Table 1. Anthropometric and Hemodynamic Characteristics of Hypertensive Population

Parameters

Gender Means

p value

Age (years)

Male  50.33±1.70 p>0.05
Female

50.01±1.15

Weight (Kg)

Male 78.01±1.82 p>0.05
Female

79.92±1.73

Height (m)

Male 1.68±0.009 p>0.01
Female

1.63±0.006*

BMI (Kg/m2)

Male 27.63±0.70 p>0.05
Female

29.97±0.66*

SBP (mmHg)

Male 158.84±2.17 p>0.05
Female

157.06±1.83

DBP (mmHg)

Male 96.36±1.36 p>0.05
Female

95.29±1.23

Pool (bat/min)

Male 81.51±1.46 p>0.05
Female

83.94±1.60

 

Food Habits of Hypertensive Patients

Hypertensive patients are divided according to the consumption of the groups of food, individual food by groups of food and consumption of foods rich in minerals.

Food Consumption

The population of study is divided according to the consumption of fruits, vegetables, tubers, cereals, animal proteins, legumes, fats, drinks, spices and sweet foods.

We observed that 70.3% of patients regularly consumed fruits. The more consumed Fruits (>3times/week) in the hypertensive patients population are: pawpaw (Carica papaya) (52.0%) avocado (Persea Americana) (49.7%), pineapple (Ananas comosus) (56.0%), watermelon (Citrus lanatus) (49.7%) and orange (Citrus X sinensis) (56.0%) (Table 2).

Table 2. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Fruits

Fruits

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Pawpaw

34 (19.4) 50 (28.6) 91 (52.0)
Soursop 114 (65.1) 33 (18.9)

28 (16.0)

Pineapple

38 (21.7) 39 (22.3) 98 (56.0)
Watermelon 41 (23.4) 47 (26.9)

87 (49.7)

Orange

34(19.4) 43 (24.6) 98 (56.0)
Grapefruit 100 (57.1) 48 (27.4)

27 (15.4)

Sweet banana

57 (32.6) 55 (31.4) 63 (36.0) 70.3% 29.7%
Mangoe 93 (53.1) 37 (21.1)

45 (25.7)

Avocado

47 (26.9) 41 (23.4) 87 (49.7)
Lemon 76 (43.4) 48 (27.4)

51 (29.1)

Apple

73 (41.7) 39 (22.3) 63 (36.0)
Mandarine 74 (42.3) 50 (28.6)

51 (29.1)

Guava

80 (45.7) 43 (24.6) 52 (29.7)
kassemango 85 (48.6) 46(26.3)

44 (25.1)

 

On the other hand, 66.3% of patients regularly consume vegetables like: zom (Solanum nigrum) (46.8%), ndole (Vernonia amygdalina) (49.1%) and carrots (Daucus carota sub sp sativus) (58.8%), cabbages (47.8%) and tomatoes (58.3%) (Table 3).

Table 3. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Vegetables

Vegetables

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Folong

66 (37.7) 71 (40.6) 38 (21.7)
Okok 68 (38.9) 51 (29.1)

56 (32.0)

Sanga

78 (44.6) 52 (29.7) 45 (25.7)
Zom 43 (24.6) 50 (28.6)

82 (46.8)

Kpem

78(44.6) 62 (35.4) 35 (20.0)
Ndole 34 (19.4) 55 (31.4)

86 (49.1)

Eru

91 (52.0) 42 (24.0) 42 (24.0) 66.3% 33.7%
Djamadjama 97 (55.4) 34 (19.4)

44 (25.1)

Cocoyam leaves

104 (59.4) 36 (20.6) 35 (20.0)
Melon leaves 96 (54.9) 37 (21.1)

42 (24.0)

Tomatoes

38 (21.7) 35 (20.0) 102 (58.3)
Cabbages 51 (29.1) 41 (23.4)

83(47.4)

Carrots

32 (18.3) 40 (22.9) 103 (58.8)
Green beans 51 (29.1) 54 (30.9)

70 (40.0)

 

Concerning cereals, 86.3% of patients consumed cereals like rice (Oryza sativa) and white bread (Table 4).

Table 4. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Cereals

Cereals

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Maize and products

26 (14.9) 59 (33.7) 90 (51.4)
Rice 20 (11.4) 38 (21.7) 117 (66.9) 86.3%

13.7%

Pasta

25 (14.3) 57 (32.6) 93 (53.1)
White Bread 19 (10.9) 31 (17.7)

125 (71.4)

Concerning starchy foods, the results showed a weak consumption (35.4%). The most consumed foods are Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) (28.6%), plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (36.6%), cassava (Manihot esculenta) (26.3%), unripe banana (Musa acuminata) (24.5%), and cocoyam (Dioscorea sp) (21.8%). (Table 5).

Table 5. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Starchy Foods

Starchy foods

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Plantain

98 (56.0) 13 (7.4) 64 (36.6)
Cassava 104 (59.4) 25 (14.3)

46 (26.3)

Unripe bananas

106 (60.6) 26 (14.9) 43 (24.5)
yams 114 (65.1) 23 (13.1) 38 (21.8) 66.3%

33.7%

Yams

114 (65.1) 33 (18.9) 28 (16.0)
Irish potatoes 101 (57.7) 24 (13.7)

50 (28.6)

Sweet potatoes

121 (69.1) 25 (14.3) 29 (16.6)
Ponded yams 126 (72.0) 31 (17.7)

18 (10.3)

 

Patients (61.7%) regularly consumed legumes like Egusi (Cucumis sp) (58.3%), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (52.0%) and peanuts (Arachis hypogeae) (61.1%). All of this is present in their diet three times per week. (Table 6).

Table 6. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Legumes

Legumes

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Peanuts

35 (20.0) 33 (18.9) 107 (61.1)
Soya 117 (66.9) 33 (18.9) 25 (14.2) 61.7%

38.3%

Egusi

20 (11.4) 53 (30.3) 102 (58.3)
Beans 34 (19.4) 50 (28.6)

91 (52.0)

 

From this study it comes out that 77.1% of hypertensive patients regular consumed animal proteins. The foods consumed up to 3 times per week are fish (73.7%), red meat (60.0%), white meat (58.3%), sea products (63.4%) and eggs (51.4%) (Table 7).

Table 7. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Animal Proteins

Animal proteins

Never n (frequency)

Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency)

>3times/ week n (frequency)

Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Eggs

42 (24.0) 43 (24.6) 90 (51.4)
Red meat 27 (15.4) 43 (24.6)

105 (60.0)

White meat

21 (12.0) 52 (29.7) 102 (58.3)
Meat products 77 (44.0) 64 (36.6) 34 (19.4) 77.1%

22.9%

Fish

12 (06.9) 34 (19.4) 129 (73.7)
Sea products 26 (14.9) 38 (21.7)

111 (63.4)

Milk

41 (23.4) 56 (32.0) 78 (44.5)
dairy products 62 (35.4) 47 (26.9)

66 (37.7)

 

In our study, only 26.3% of hypertensive patients consumed fats and oils. The fats and oils most used by patients 3 times/weeks are refined palm oil (64.0%), crude palm oil (45.1%) and margarine (30.8%) (Table 8).

Table 8. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Fats and Oils

Fats and oils

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Crude palm oil

55 (31.4) 41 (23.4) 79 (45.1)
Refine palm oil 26 (14.9) 37 (21.1)

112 (64.0)

Cotton oil

137 (78.3) 19 (10.9) 19 (10.8)
Soya oil 110 (62.9) 25 (14.3) 40 (22.8) 26.3%

73.7%

Maize oil

168 (96.0) 07 (4.0) 00 (0.0)
Olive oil 101 (57.7) 26 (14.9)

48 (27.4)

Butter

113 (64.6) 30 (17.1) 32 (18.3)
Margarine 92 (52.6) 29 (16.6)

54 (30.8)

 

Concerning spices, the study revealed that 82.9% of hypertensive patients consumed spices in their diet like onion (Allium cepa) (85.7%) and garlic (Allium sativum) (81.7%) (Table 9).

Table 9. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Spices

Spices

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Onion

07 (04.0) 18 (10.3) 150 (85.7)
Garlic 08 (04.6) 24 (13.7)

143 (81.7)

White pepper

35 (20.0) 36 (20.6) 104 (59.4) 82.9% 17.1%
Ginger 30 (17.1) 72 (41.1)

73 (41.7)

Djangsang

24 (13.7) 46 (26.3) 105 (60.0)
Chili pepper 31 (17.7) 58 (33.1)

86 (49.1)

 

The consumption of pastries and sugary foods showed that 17.7% of hypertensive patients regular eat pastries and sugary foods particularly donuts (46.8%), cakes (29.7%) and chocolate (25.1%) (Table 10).

Table 10. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Pasties and Sugary Foods

Pastries and sugary foods

Never n (frequency) Rarely (1 – 2 times/ week) n (frequency) >3times/ week n (frequency) Regular consumption (%)

Irregular consumption (%)

Cakes

85 (48.6) 38 (21.7) 52 (29.7)
Donuts 61 (34.9) 32 (18.3)

82 (46.8)

Pizza

148 (84.6) 15 (08.6) 12 (06.8)
Hamburger 136 (77.7) 22 (12.6)

17 (09.7)

Hot dog

149 (85.1) 14 (08.0) 12 (06.8) 17.7% 82.3%
Chocolate 83 (47.4) 48 (27.4)

44 (25.1)

Ice cream

136 (77.7) 17 (09.7) 22 (12.6)
Chips 119 (68.0) 32 (18.3)

24 (13.7)

Confit peanuts

116 (66.3) 44 (25.1) 15 (08.6)
Candies 137 (78.3) 26 (14.9)

12 (06.8)

 

Distribution of Hypertensive Patients According to the Consumption of Foods Rich in Micronutrients

The study revealed that 44.6% of patients regularly consumed food rich in potassium, 43.4% consumed food rich in magnesium, 80% consumed food rich in sodium and 39.4% consumed food rich in calcium (Table 11).

Table 11. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients Based on Consumption of Food Rich in Micronutrients Important for Hypertension

Food rich in micronutrients important for hypertension

Foods rich in Potassium (%) Foods rich in Magnesium (%) Foods rich in Calcium (%)

Foods rich in Sodium (%)

Regular consumption

78 (44.6) 76 (43.4) 69 (39.4) 140 (80.0)
Irregular consumption 97 (55.4)

99 (56.6)

106 (60.6)

35 (20.0)

 

Evaluation of Food Consumption Score

The evaluation of global quality of diet showed that 82.1% of patients have a limit Food consumption score (21.5<FCS<35) (Table 12).

Table 12. Distribution of Hypertensive Patients According to Food Consumption Score (FCS)

Food Consumption Score (FCS)

n (frequency)

Acceptable (adequate quality and quantity): FCS>35

07 (04.0)
Limit (inadequate quality and adequate quantity): 21.5<FCS<35

08 (04.6)

Poor (inadequate quality and quantity): FCS<21.5

35 (20.0)
Total

30 (17.1)

DISCUSSION

The studies of Raschke V, Cheema B11 showed that actually, the dietary choices are oriented towards the abandonment of traditional foods habits and an increase of consumption of food known as “Western,” are controlled by several factors that seem to join together the majority of the countries in the process of development such as Cameroon. The results of the dietary habits showed that 42% of hypertensive patients regularly consumed fruits, 56.2% consumed vegetables, 29.4% consumed tubers, 80.4% consumed cereals, 54% consumed legumes, 73.6% consumed animal proteins, 76.2% consumed fats, 61.5% consumed spices, and 83.4% consumed sweet foods. In our population of study, tastes could be justified by the standardized choices of available and attractive food rich in energy (sugar, fat).12

Several studies established an association between a food rich in lipids or simple sugars, or salt, and high blood pressure,13 whereas food rich in plants and fruits would be associated with a weak prevalence of hypertension.14

In addition to the great availability of these Western or industrial foods and their attraction, the food choices could be justified by the economic environment. Thus, the people of the socio-economic low-level, with the limited resources, would choose food rich in energy, rich in manufactured cereals, sugars and rich in fat, in order to save money.15

The results of the consumption of food rich in micronutrients showed that 45.9% of hypertensive patients have a regular consumption of foods rich in potassium (fruits: like banana, avocado papaw and local vegetables like zoom (Solanum Nigrum), folong (Amaranthus hybridus), and ndole (Vernonia amygdalina)). This could explain the prevalence of the diastolic blood pressure which is 52.9%.

Epidemiological studies have established a negative relation between low potassium intake and tension level. Clinical trials showed that a diet rich in potassium attenuates the increase in the blood pressure induced by the sodium loading; while a low potassium diet induces the opposite effect.16 This effect of the increase in the potassium intake can result from various mechanisms: increase in the natriuresis with sodium depletion, reduction of the pressure to circulating noradrenalin, reduction in the renin activity, vasodilatation. The consumption of food rich in potassium is better than the drug supplementation.17

According to the literature, persons who can have hypertension are those at which diet is poor or insufficient in calcium. We have also those particularly elder people at which intestinal absorption and/or the renal reabsorption of calcium are decreased.17 The study revealed that 36.6% of patients regularly consumed foods rich in calcium. This result could explain the frequency of patients having a personal history of pains to the legs (38.3%). These results are similar to those of17 which showed that the ingestion of food calcium was less to the hypertensive patients than the normotensive patients. It also showed that calcium intake higher than 800 mg/day is associated with the reducing of the particular pains and hypertension.

The study also revealed that 43.4% of hypertensive patient regularly consumed foods rich in magnesium (Folong, okok, ndolè, avocado, banana, groundnuts, plantain, milk, white pepper and rice) and 56.6% irregularly. The irregular consumption of magnesium, could explain the appearance of pains (hyperalgy) and muscular cramps in study population (38.3%). Experimental works suggested that an insufficient food magnesium could be associated with HBP, and some studies noted an improvement of hypertension after magnesium supplementation; particularly if the diet is rich in salt.18 The explicative mechanism is the role of magnesium in the regulation of cellular physiology. However, it should be noted that the daily consumption of 350 or 400 mg of magnesium would have a favorable effect on hypertension.

In this study we noted that 77.1% of hypertensive patients consumed animal proteins, and 26.3% consumed fats. Many studies established the link between hypertension, consumption of fat and animal proteins. These studies revealed that excessive consumption increased the blood viscosity, bad cholesterol level and the systolic blood pressure.19

Moreover, 38.3% of hypertensive patients were obese and 30.3% were overweight. This could be explained by the excessive consumption of fats and animal proteins by patients associated with being sedentary because 50% of subjects did not do a physical activity. Studies of,19 defined the hypercholesterolemia like a too high cholesterol rate in blood. Consumption of animal proteins, fats, certain plant proteins (groundnuts) leads to a deposit of cholesterol excess on the arterial walls, forming atherosclerosis plates, which thicken with the time.20

Contrary to being sedentary, the regular physical exercise leads to decrease blood pressure and cardiovascular risk, and that remains valid at any age.21 These beneficial effects are primarily related to the fall of the blood pressure by the weight loss.17 It would involve also a significant fall of the left ventricular mass.22

It is also shown in the study that 80% of the patients consume foods rich in sodium (amount of sodium for food); this could be explained by a constant rise in tensional parameters of patients. Other studies showed that the response of the blood pressure to variations of the sodium intake is heterogeneous and has a family character. Indeed, certain patients known as “salt – sensitive” have increased blood pressure with an increased salt intake thus leading to a higher risk of cerebrovascular and coronary heart diseases.22

According to,23 if the blood contains many salt, the kidneys retain more water and excrete some lesser quantities. The increased blood volume which results from it leads to an increase in the blood pressure which leads to hypertension. A modest reduction of the sodium intake (6 g NaCl/day) can facilitate control of tension to the hypertensive patient in order to reduce the number of antihypertensive drugs. The Results of the food consumption score (FCS) that 82.3% of hypertensive patients have a limit food consumption score (FCS) which according to24 shows that diet is inadequate quality; this result will be able to explain the prevalence of obesity (38.3%) and overweight (30.3%) observed in the population of study.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that patients suffering from hypertension consume all groups of foods. Most foods consumed are rich in sodium. In addition, the quality diet of these patients is inadequate. This study could contribute to defining a new strategy in the management of hypertension focused on nutritional habits particularly on the reduction of food rich in sodium and promotion of foods rich in magnesium, potassium, and calcium.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their grateful thanks to the administrative staff of the district Deido hospital and to all the participants to the survey.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

The primary data and materials of this study are available in Deido district hospital. Official registration is required to access the database via secretariat of Director. The datasets analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

NBCF and MMP designed the study protocol and wrote the first manuscript draft. NBCF led the statistical analyses and contributed to the manuscript drafting. NEVB and medical personnel of hospital contributed to data collection. NBCF and MMP critically contributed to the analysis, discussion and interpretation of the data and NEVB, NBCF and MMP contributed to data interpretation and the writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript draft.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Deido District Hospital (Registry number N°960/AV/MINSANTE/DRSPL/SSDD/ HDD). Participation to the study was voluntary and written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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