Photobiomodulation is a non-invasive treatment modality acting at different biological levels through the non-thermal transfer of photons to the living matter via a photoelectric effect, inducing photochemical reactions in treated cells. The objectives of this article is to review the literature on Photobiomodulation, its different fields of application and mechanisms of action, for establishing a comprehensive summary of evidence. The search strategy initially run searches in scientific databases MEDLINE,
PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane registries from 1990 up to March 2020, with entries Photobiomodulation, LLLT-LEDT, PDT, Photobiology, Cytochrome c Oxidase. Selection criteria was based on preferably inclusion of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), systematic reviews (SR) and studies providing qualitative and quantitative data with the best consistency, in a field where heterogeneity of light parameters is often a difficulty to comparison of findings. Publised expert opinions were also considered. A total of 80 publications were reviewed out of a thousand obtained from databases, among which were retained 9 RCTs, 6 systematic reviews, 3 meta-analysis and 2 case-reports. Differences were found in treatment parameters as wavelength, dosage, energy output, treatment length, performances of light-sources, quantity of diodes and single power of these, which may explain the paucity of high-level body of evidence in Cochrane databases. However, numerous state-of-the- art researches are also found, led by dedicated research teams paving the way to standardized methods of evaluation and comprehension of light-biological-tissues interaction and optimization of outcomes in a promising field.
Keywords
PhotoBioModulation; Low-Level-Laser-Therapy (LLLT); Light emitting diodes (LED); Biophotons-mitochondria; Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP); Inflammation-pain-skin rejuvenation; Photo dynamic therapy (PDT); Photobiology.

We herein present a case report of a 60-year-old male patient diagnosed with squamous-melanocytic tumour (SMT) in his anal region, comprised of two intermingled different phenotypic lesions. This dual tumour is quite uncommon and could potentially be challenging on both diagnose and also management. It is the first case reported on this location, moreover, the lack of consensus for these lesions makes it difficult to classify them. We reviewed the literature of similar SMT’s and discussed its histogenesis. As they are rare, their biological behavior and potential metastasis remain unclear. Therefore, close follow-up is advised.

Keywords

Combined neoplasia; Squamous-melanocytic tumour; Uncertain; Anal canal.

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of 5 different skin moisturizers using JELL-O^® as a model for the human skin.

Methods

In this study five different moisturizers (Equate^®, Burt’s Bees^®, Suave^®, Aveeno® and Vaseline^®) were applied to equivalent samples of JELL-O^®. Observations were made over a 12-day period and data was collected at 15 different time intervals. The primary outcome was the height (cm) and weight (g) of the JELL-O^® sample at each time interval. The study was an ex vivo experiment conducted in a home laboratory. No Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was required since the research does not involve living organisms.

Results

Overall, the JELL-O^® sample that had the Vaseline^® applied on it had the lowest loss of height and weight. The height stayed at 100% of its original value and the weight only decreased to 97.2% of the original value by the end of the observation period. In contrast, the sample which had Suave^® applied to the surface its height and weight decrease the most (42% and 28% respectively). The other moisturizers had effects intermediate between these two extremes.

Conclusion

Based on this ex vivo head to head study using JELL-O^® as a model for the human skin the 5 moisturizers examined had widely differing levels of effectiveness with Vaseline^® appearing to be the most protective against evaporative losses and Suave^® appearing to be the least.

Keywords

Moisturizers; Dry skin; Different moisturizers; Skin lotions; Vaseline^® effectiveness.

Beryllium can be found in silver alloy, in costume jewelry and in dental prosthesis. It is also used in aerospace industry and might be also found in precision instruments. Pure contact dermatitis to Beryllium has never been described as in this case associated with allergic contact dermatitis to jewelry. Most reports of Beryllium contact dermatitis are related to dental prosthesis and most of the cases we have seen Beryllium allergic contact dermatitis is associated with other positive allergens. We believe that this metal should be added to the dental screening as according to our findings.

Keywords

Beryllium; Jewelry; Allergy; Skin allergy; Allergic contact dermatitis.